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On the Clustering Tendencies among the Nebulae. II. a Study of Encounters Between Laboratory Models of Stellar Systems by a New Integration Procedure.
Erik Holmberg1941
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129 citations · Instrumentation

TLDR

This paper shows that when two galaxy-like systems pass close to each other, they can lose enough energy to stick together, and their shapes can change in interesting ways, like forming spiral arms.

Summary

1 Study Aim

The main goal of this paper is to find out if the energy lost during close encounters between two galaxy-like systems, due to tidal forces (stretching and squeezing caused by gravity), is enough to make them capture each other and form a single system. The study also aims to understand how these tidal interactions change the shapes of the galaxies, especially whether they can create features like spiral arms. Simply put: The paper wants to know if galaxies can stick together after passing close by, and how their shapes change during these encounters.

2 Study Design

The research uses a laboratory experiment to model two interacting stellar systems (groups of stars like galaxies). Each galaxy is represented by 37 light bulbs, with the brightness of each bulb standing in for the mass of a part of the galaxy. Instead of calculating gravity directly, the study uses the fact that both gravity and light get weaker with distance in the same way (following the inverse square law). The total light at different points is measured with a photocell to simulate gravitational forces. The experiment tracks how the 'galaxies' deform and move as they pass close to each other, reconstructing the paths of each mass element step by step. Simply put: The study uses light bulbs and sensors to mimic how two galaxies pull on each other and change shape when they pass close together.

3 Findings

The study reveals that when two galaxy models pass near each other, tidal forces cause them to stretch and form spiral arms. The gravitational pull between the galaxies increases the most just after they pass by each other. This leads to a significant loss of energy, which can sometimes be enough for the galaxies to become gravitationally bound and merge. The direction in which the spiral arms form depends on how the galaxies are spinning compared to their movement through space. These results suggest that close encounters can explain both the merging of galaxies and the creation of spiral structures. Simply put: The experiment shows that close passes between galaxies can make them stick together and form spiral arms, depending on how they spin.

Abstract

In a previous paper' the writer discussed the possibility of explaining the observed clustering effects among extragalactic nebulae as a result of captures. The present investigation deals with the important problem of whether the loss of energy resulting from the tidal disturbances at a close encounter between two nebulae is large enough to effect a capture. The tidal deformations of two models of stellar systems, passing each other at a small distance, are studied by reconstructing, piece by piece, the orbits described by the individual mass elements. The difficulty of integrating the total gravitational force acting upon a certain element at a certain point of time is solved by replacing gravitation by light. The mass elements are represented by light-bulbs, the candle power being proportional to mass, and the total light is meas- ured by a photocefl (Fig. i). The nebulae are assumed to have a flattened shape, and each is represented by 37 light-bulbs. It is found that the tidal deformations cause an increase in the attraction between the two objects, the increase reaching its maximum value when the nebulae are separating, i.e., after the passage. The resulting loss of energy (Fig. 6) is comparatively large and may, in favorable cases, effect a capture. The spiral arms developing during the encounter (Figs. 4) represent an interesting by-product of the investigation. The direction of the arms depends on the direction of rotation of the nebulae with respect to the direction of their space motions

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