Journal Article 1 Mention
Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth
Kira E. Riehm2019
Kenneth A. FederKayla N. Tormohlen
Top 1% · 99th Percentile
486 citations · Sociology and Political Science
Open Access

TLDR

Teens who spend more than three hours a day on social media are more likely to have mental health problems, especially feeling sad or anxious.

Summary

1 Study Aim

The study set out to find out if the amount of time teenagers spend on social media each day is linked to later mental health problems. The researchers wanted to see if using social media for longer periods could predict issues like feeling sad, worried, or having trouble with behavior. They also aimed to measure how much of these problems could be blamed on social media use. Spending more time on social media might make teens more likely to have mental health issues.

2 Study Design

This research followed 6,595 U.S. teenagers, aged 12 to 15 at the start, over three years. The study used data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, which is a large, nationally representative survey. Teens reported how much time they spent on social media each day, grouped as none, up to 30 minutes, 30 minutes to 3 hours, 3 to 6 hours, or more than 6 hours. A year later, they answered questions about their mental health, focusing on internalizing problems (like sadness or anxiety) and externalizing problems (like acting out or breaking rules). The researchers used statistical methods to see if more social media use was linked to more mental health problems. Researchers tracked thousands of teens for several years to see if using social media more often was linked to later mental health problems.

3 Findings

The study reveals that teens who spent more than three hours a day on social media were more likely to have internalizing problems (such as feeling sad or anxious) and to have both internalizing and externalizing problems together. This link stayed strong even after accounting for other factors that might affect mental health. However, the connection between social media use and externalizing problems alone (like acting out) was not consistent. The authors suggest that limiting daily social media use, teaching media skills, or changing how social media works could help reduce mental health problems in teens. They recommend more research to test these ideas. Teens who use social media a lot are more likely to feel sad or anxious, and setting limits or teaching about social media might help.

Abstract

Importance: Social media use may be a risk factor for mental health problems in adolescents. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated this association, and none have quantified the proportion of mental health problems among adolescents attributable to social media use. Objective: To assess whether time spent using social media per day is prospectively associated with internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants: This longitudinal cohort study of 6595 participants from waves 1 (September 12, 2013, to December 14, 2014), 2 (October 23, 2014, to October 30, 2015), and 3 (October 18, 2015, to October 23, 2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study, a nationally representative cohort study of US adolescents, assessed US adolescents via household interviews using audio computer-assisted self-interviewing. Data analysis was performed from January 14, 2019, to May 22, 2019. Exposures: Self-reported time spent on social media during a typical day (none, ≤30 minutes, >30 minutes to ≤3 hours, >3 hours to ≤6 hours, and >6 hours) during wave 2. Main Outcomes and Measure: Self-reported past-year internalizing problems alone, externalizing problems alone, and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems during wave 3 using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener. Results: A total of 6595 adolescents (aged 12-15 years during wave 1; 3400 [51.3%] male) were studied. In unadjusted analyses, spending more than 30 minutes of time on social media, compared with no use, was associated with increased risk of internalizing problems alone (≤30 minutes: relative risk ratio [RRR], 1.30; 95% CI, 0.94-1.78; >30 minutes to ≤3 hours: RRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.36-2.64; >3 to ≤6 hours: RRR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.74-3.49; >6 hours: RRR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.88-4.26) and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems (≤30 minutes: RRR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.06-1.82; >30 minutes to ≤3 hours: RRR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.83-3.00; >3 to ≤6 hours: RRR, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.43-4.09; >6 hours: RRR, 4.29; 95% CI, 3.22-5.73); associations with externalizing problems were inconsistent. In adjusted analyses, use of social media for more than 3 hours per day compared with no use remained significantly associated with internalizing problems alone (>3 to ≤6 hours: RRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.11-2.31; >6 hours: RRR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.15-2.77) and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems (>3 to ≤6 hours: RRR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.51-2.66; >6 hours: RRR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.73-3.43) but not externalizing problems alone. Conclusions and Relevance: Adolescents who spend more than 3 hours per day using social media may be at heightened risk for mental health problems, particularly internalizing problems. Future research should determine whether setting limits on daily social media use, increasing media literacy, and redesigning social media platforms are effective means of reducing the burden of mental health problems in this population.

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