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Jennifer T Batch, Sanjay P Lamsal, Michelle Adkins | Cureus | (2020)
Primary Link Pubmed DOI Openalex Full text (OA)

Abstract

The ketogenic diet (KD) has gained immense popularity during the last decade, primarily because of its successful short-term effect on weight loss. In the United States, KD is utilized in a variety of patient populations for weight management, despite limited evidence regarding its efficacy and risks. This literature review provides an evaluation of data on the benefits and risks associated with the chronic use of KD, including its metabolic, endocrinological, and cardiovascular effects.

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Sample Definition And Size

This is a literature review article; it does not involve primary data collection or a defined sample size. Instead, it reviews existing studies on the ketogenic diet, including meta-analyses and individual trials. The number of studies reviewed is not explicitly stated in the article.

Study Type

Review article (literature review).

Conflicts Of Interest

The authors declared that no competing interests exist. ([pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32923239/?utm_source=openai))

Results Summary

Key findings include: within the first 6–12 months of initiating a ketogenic diet, transient decreases in blood pressure, triglycerides, and glycosylated hemoglobin, as well as increases in HDL and weight loss, may be observed; however, these effects are generally not seen after 12 months. The diet also leads to increases in LDL and VLDL, potentially increasing cardiovascular risk. Long-term compliance is low, and most studies have small sample sizes and short durations, limiting generalizability. ([pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7480775/?utm_source=openai))

Referenced In

Lee Johnson
2 months ago
Health, Fitness, and Nutrition

The Keto Diet: Is it More Risk Than it’s Worth?

Low-carb diets have been popular for decades. There’s an inherent appeal in a supposedly simple diet – just cut out carbs, and watch the weight drop off – but simplicity can be deceiving. Carbohydrates are an important part of a balanced diet, so isn’t there some risk to cutting them out entirely?

Here’s a low-down on the benefits and downsides of the keto diet, largely based on a literature review on the topic.

The Good News: You Do Lose Weight

The good news is pretty much what you’d expect. Keto diets really do help you lose weight.

For example, a systematic review and meta-analysis on ketogenic diets in women with polycystic ovary syndrome found that the diet helped reduce weight, BMI, waist circumference and fat mass. The authors called for more research with larger sample sizes, but overall, the picture for weight loss looks positive.

There is some difficulty in defining what a “true” keto diet means, but generally, studies include any diet that’s high in fat and limits carbohydrate consumption to less than 50 g per day.

The Bad News: Potential Risks

But the keto diet is not completely benign either.

Perhaps the most obvious source of risk is the high fat consumption recommended by most keto diets. It might not surprise you to learn that people on a keto diet have a greater increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to people on a low-fat diet. This could increase cardiovascular risk, and studies have generally been too short-term to investigate this in detail.

The source of fat could also make a difference. One study mentioned in the literature review found a U-shaped association between carbohydrate intake (as a percentage of total calories) and all-cause mortality. This means that while high-carb diets were associated with increased risk, low carb diets (less than 40% carbs) were too. Further analysis showed that animal-derived fats and proteins were associated with worse risk, while plant-based fats or proteins decreased mortality risk.

The Bottom Line

Keto diets are effective for weight loss, but not totally risk-free. Based on what we know so far, it’s best to avoid large amounts of animal-derived fats if you’re on a keto diet.

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