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E. Gaztañaga, K. Sravan Kumar, Swaraj Pradhan | Physical review. D/Physical review. D. | (2025)
Abstract
We investigate the fully relativistic spherical collapse model of a uniform distribution of mass 𝑀 with initial comoving radius 𝜒* and spatial curvature 𝑘 ≡1/𝜒2𝑘 ≤1/𝜒2* representing an overdensity or bounded perturbation within a larger background. Our model incorporates a perfect fluid with an evolving equation of state, 𝑃 =𝑃(𝜌), which asymptotically transitions from pressureless dust (𝑃 =0) to a ground state characterized by a uniform, time-independent energy density 𝜌G. This transition is motivated by the quantum exclusion principle, which prevents singular collapse, as observed in supernova core-collapse explosions. We analytically demonstrate that this transition induces a gravitational bounce at a radius 𝑅B =(8𝜋𝐺𝜌G/3)−1/2. The bounce leads to an exponential expansion phase, where 𝑃(𝜌) behaves effectively as an inflation potential. This model provides novel insights into black hole interiors and, when extended to a cosmological setting, predicts a small but nonzero closed spatial curvature: −0.07 ±0.02 ≤Ω𝑘 <0. This lower bound follows from the requirement of 𝜒𝑘 ≥𝜒* ≃15.9 Gpc to address the cosmic microwave background low quadrupole anomaly. The bounce remains confined within the initial gravitational radius 𝑟S =2𝐺𝑀, which effectively acts as a cosmological constant Λ inside 𝑟S =√3/Λ while still appearing as a Schwarzschild black hole from an external perspective. This framework unifies the origin of inflation and dark energy, with its key observational signature being the presence of small but nonzero spatial curvature, a testable prediction for upcoming cosmological surveys.
Tags
Sample Definition And Size
The study investigates a fully relativistic spherical collapse model of a uniform mass distribution M with initial comoving radius χ* and spatial curvature k ≡ 1/χ_k² ≤ 1/χ*², representing an overdensity or bounded perturbation within a larger background. No numerical sample size is applicable, as this is a theoretical model. ([arxiv.org](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23877?utm_source=openai))
Study Type
The work is a theoretical, analytical study within general relativity, presenting an exact analytical solution for gravitational collapse and bounce, extended to cosmological implications. ([arxiv.org](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23877?utm_source=openai))
Conflicts Of Interest
No conflicts of interest are declared in the available abstract or metadata. ([journals.aps.org](https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.103537?utm_source=openai))
Results Summary
The model shows that a transition from pressureless dust to a ground state with constant energy density ρ_G—motivated by the quantum exclusion principle—induces a gravitational bounce at radius R_B = (8πGρ_G/3)⁻¹/², leading to an exponential expansion phase where P(ρ) acts like an inflation potential. Extended cosmologically, it predicts a small but nonzero closed spatial curvature: −0.07 ± 0.02 ≤ Ω_k < 0, with χ_k ≥ χ* ≃ 15.9 Gpc to address the CMB low quadrupole anomaly. The bounce remains within the initial Schwarzschild radius r_S = 2GM, which effectively acts as a cosmological constant Λ inside r_S = √(3/Λ), while externally appearing as a Schwarzschild black hole. ([arxiv.org](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23877?utm_source=openai))
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Created: Jan 29, 2026